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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



TO WHICH IS ADDED 

- 

THE RULES FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS IN THE SENATE. 



MINTED BY ORDER OF THE SENATE OP THE UNITED STATES, 



WASHINGTON ; 

PBIXTED BY GAEES & SEATON, 
1820. 



CONSTITUTION. 



WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 
tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote 
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
this Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall Legislative pow- 
be vested in a Congress of the United States, ers * 
which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Representatives. 

SECTION II. 

The House of Representatives shall he com- Members House 
posed of members chosen every second year, ^S^oTcho"- 
by the people of the several states; and the sen. ' 
electors in each state shall have the qualifica- 
tions requisite for electors of the most nume- 
rous branch of the state legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who Qualification 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty- JSepresStr 
five years, and been seven years a citizen of tives. 
the United States; and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitants that state in which 
he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be Apportionment 
apportioned among the several states which t^ presenta * 
may be included within this Union, according 
to their respective numbers, which shall be 



4 CONSTITUTION. 

determined by adding to the whole number of 
free persons, including those bound to service 
for a term of years, and excluding Indians not 
taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The 
actual enumeration shall be made within three 
years after the first meeting of the Congress of 
the United.States, and within every subsequent 
term of ten years, in such manner as they shall 
by law direct. The number of Representa- 
tives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
thousand, but each State shall have at least 
one Representative; and until such enumera- 
tion shall be made, the State of New Hamp- 
shire shall be entitled to choose three; Massa- 
chusetts eight; Rhode-Island and Providence 
Plantations one; Connecticut five; New-York 
six; New Jersey four; Pennsylvania eight; 
Delaware one; Maryland six; Virginia ten; 
North Carolina five; South Carolina five; and 
Georgia three. 
Vacancies, how When vacancies happen in the representa- 
mied. fi on f rom an y state, the executive authority 

thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies. 
House of Repre- The House of Representatives shall choose 
officers^ Ch °° Se their Speaker and other officers, and shall have 
the sole power of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

Senate, how cho- The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two Senators from each state, cho- 
sen by the legislature thereof, for six years, 
and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Senators classed. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first election, they shall 
be divided, as equally as may be, into three 
classes. The seats of the Senators of the first 
class shall be vacated at the expiration of the 



sen 



CONSTITUTION, 5 

second year; of the second class at the expira- 
tion of the fourth year; and of the third class 
at the expiration of the sixth year; so that 
one-third may be chosen every second year; 
and if vacancies happen, by resignation or 
otherwise, during the recess of the legislature 
of any state, the executive thereof may make 
temporary appointments, until the next meet- 
ing of the legislature, which shall then fill 
such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not Senators, quaii- 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and catJon - 
been nine years a citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabi- 
tant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 

The Yice President of the United States Vice President 
shall be President of the Senate, but shall have vote - 
no vote unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, Senate choose 
and also a President pro tempore, in the ab- officers< 
sence of the Vice President, or when he shall 
exercise the office of President of the United 
States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to Try impeach- 
try all impeachments: when sitting for that ments * 
purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is 
tried, the chief justice shall preside: and no 
person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not Judgment on 
extend farther than to removal from office, ira P e * chnient 
and disqualification to hold and enjoy any of- 
fice of honor, trust, or profit, under the Unit- 
ed States; but the party convicted shall, ne- 
vertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment, according 
to law. 

I# 



CONSTITUTION. 



SECTION IV. 



Elections, how The times, places, and manner, of holding 
held ' elections for Senators and Representatives, 

shall he prescribed in each state by the legis- 
lature thereof; but the Congress may, at any 
time, by law, make or alter such regulations, 
except as to the places of choosing Senators. 
Congress assem- The Congress shall assemble at least once 
bie annually. i n every year, and such meeting shall be on 
the first Monday in December, unless they 
shall by law appoint a different day. 

section v. 

^ctions,how Eacn House shall be the judge of the elec- 
tions, returns, and qualifications, of its own 
members; and a majority of each shall consti- 

Quomm, Senate tute a quorum to do business; but a smaller 

Representative^ number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
absent members, in such manner, and under 
such penalties, as each House may provide. 

Rules. Each House may determine the rules of its 

proceedings, punish its members for disorder- 
ly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- 
thirds, expel a member. 

Journals by each Each House shall keep a journal of its pro- 
ou ^' ceedings, and from time to time publish the 

same, excepting such parts as may, in their 
judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and 
nays of the members of either House, on any 
question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of 
those present, be entered on the journal. 

Adjournment. Neither House, during the Session of Con- 
gress, shall, without the consent of the other, 
adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
other place than that in which the two Houses 
shall be sitting. 



CONSTITUTION. 



SECTION VI. 



The Senators and Representatives shall re- Compensation. 
ceive a compensation for their services, to be 
ascertained by law; and paid out of the Trea- 
sury of the United States. They shall, in all Privileges, 
cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during* their Arrests. 
attendance at the Session of their respective 
Houses, and in going to and returning from 
the same; and for any speecli or debate in eith- 
er House they shall not be questioned in any 
other place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during Members notap- 
the time for which he was elected, be appoint- pom e 
ed to any civil office under the authority of the 
United States, which shall have been created, 
or the emoluments whereof shall have been in- 
creased, during such time; and no person hold- 
ing any office under the United States shall 
be a member of either House during his con- 
tinuance in office. 



SECTION VII. 



All bills for raising revenue shall originate ^ ilIs ' r e je nue ' 
in the Hoase of Representatives; but the Se- sentSives. epre ~ 
nate may propose, or concur with, amendments, 
as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House Bm h their for ~ 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, be- ma lUes * 
fore it become a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States; if he approve, 
he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, 
with his objections, to that House in which it 
shall have originated, who shall enter the ob- 
jections at large on their journal, and proceed 
to reconsider it. If, after such reconsidera- 
tion, two-thirds of that House shall agree to 



8 CONSTITUTION. 

pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with 
the objections, to the other House, by which it 
shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approv- 
ed by two-thirds of that House, it shall become 
a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of 
both Houses shall be determined by yeas and 
nays, and the names of the persons voting for 
and against the bill shall be entered on the 
journal of each House respectively. If any 
bill shall not be returned by the President 
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it 
shall have been presented to him, the same 
shall be a law, in like manner as if he had 
signed it, unless the Congress, by their ad- 
journment, prevent its return, in which case it 
shall not be a law. 
Resolutions and Every order, resolution, or vote, to which 
S2£Jrf2S*? concurrence of the Senate and House of 
United States. Representatives may be necessary, (except on 
a question of adjournment,) shall be presented 
to the President of the United States; and, be- 
fore the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
proved by him, or, being disapproved by him 
shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, according to 
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case 
of a bill. 



SECTIOX VIII. 



Congress lay 
taxes. 



The Congress shall have power — 
To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
and excises; to pay the debts and provide for 
the common defence and general welfare of 
the United States; but all duties, imposts, and 
excises, shall be uniform throughout the Unit- 
ed States: 
Borrow money. To borrow money on the credit of the Unit- 
ed States: 



CONSTITUTION. 9 

To regulate commerce with foreign na- Commerce, &c 
tions, and among the several states, and with 
the Indian tribes: 

To establish an uniform rule of naturaliza- Naturalization, 
tion, and uniform laws on the subject of bank- 
ruptcies, throughout the United States: 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, Coin, &c 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of 
weights and measures: 

To provide for the punishment of counter- J™®* counter- 
feiting the securities and current coin of the el lna * 
United States: 

To establish post offices and post roads: Post offices, &c. 

To promote the progress of science and Promote science, 
useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to 
authors and inventors, the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries: 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- Congress consti- 
preme court: To define and punish piracies tute C0U1 s * 
and felonies committed on the high seas, and 
offences against the law of nations: 

To declare war, grant letters of marque Declare war. 
and reprisal, and make rules concerning cap- 
tures on land or water: 

To raise and support armies: (but no ap- Raise armies. 
propriation of money to that use shall be for 
a longer term than two years:) 

To provide and maintain a navy: Nav 7- 

To make rules for the government and re- 
gulation of the land and naval forces: 

To provide for calling forth the militia to Militia. 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insur- 
rections, and repel invasions: 

To provide for organizing, arming, and Organize miiiti*. 
disciplining the militia, and for governing such 
part of them as may be employed in the ser- 
vice of the United States,* reserving to the 
states, respectively, the appointment of the of- 



it) 



CONSTITUTION. 



Exclusive juris- 
diction ten 
miles. 



Congress make 
laws general. 



fleers, and the authority of training the mili- 
tia according to the discipline prescribed by 
Congress: 

To exercise exclusive legislation in all 
cases whatsoever, over such district (not ex- 
ceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession 
of particular states, and the acceptance of 
Congress, become the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, and to exercise 
like authority over all places purchased, by 
the consent of the legislature of the state in 
which the same shall be, for the erection of 
forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and 
other needful buildings: And, 

To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the 
foregoing powers, and all other powers vest- 
ed by this constitution in the government of 
the United States, or in any department or 
office thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

The migration or importation of such per- 
sons as any of the states now existing shall 
think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited . 
by the Congress prior to the year eighteen 
hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding 
ten dollars for each person. 

Habeas Corpus. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases 
of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may 
require it. 

Attainder. j$ bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, 

shall be passed. 

Taxs No capitation or other direct tax shall be 



Importation of 
persons after 
1808. 



CONSTITUTION. 11 

laid, unless in proportion to the census or enu- 
meration herein before directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- No exportation 
ported from any state. No preference shall duty * 
be given by any regulation of commerce or re- 
venue to the ports of one state over those of 
another; nor shall vessels bound to or from 
one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury? ^ fone >'» how 

, , . w o ... , , drawn. 

but in consequence ot appropriations made by 
law: and a regular statement and account of 
the receipts and expenditures of all public mo- 
ney shall be published from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the Titles not con- 
United States: and no person holding any of- ferred ' 
lice of profit or trust under them shall, with- 
out the consent of the Congress, accept of any 
present, emolument, office, or title of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state. 

SECTION X. 

No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, States, not make 
or confederation; grant letters of marque and treaties - 
reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; 
make any thing but gold and silver coin a 
tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of 
attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts; or grant any title 
of nobility. 

No state shall, without the consent of the States, not lay 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports im P 0Sts > &c - 
or exports, except what may be absolutely ne- 
cessary for executing its inspection laws; and 
the nett produce of all duties and imposts laid 
by any state on imports or exports shall be 
for the use of the Treasury of the United States; 



12 



CONSTITUTION. 



and all such laws shall he subject to the re- 
vision and control of the Congress. No state 
Or tonnage. shall, without the consent of Congress, lay 
any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of 
war in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
ment or compact with another state, or with 
a foreign power, or engage in a war, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger 
as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

SECTION I. 

The executive power shall be vested in a 
President of the United States of America. 
He shall hold his office during the term of four 
years, and, together with the Vice President, 
chosen for the same term, be elected as fol- 
lows. 

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as 
the legislature thereof may direct, a number 
of electors, equal to the whole number of Se- 
nators and Representatives to which the state 
may be entitled in the Congress; hut no Sena- 
tor or Representative, or person holding any 
office of trust or profit under the United States, 
shall be appointed an elector. 

Electors meet, The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of 
whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant 
of the same state with themselves. And they 
shall make a list of all the persons voted for, 
and of the number of votes for each; which 

Proceedings. jj st tftey s \ m \\ s ig n aiK i certify, and transmit 
sealed to the seat of the government of the 
United States, directed to the President of 
the Senate. The President of the Senate shall* 
in the presence of the Senate and House of Re- 



Executive pow- 

er. 



Electors, how 
appointed. 



tOKSTITUTIOIV. IS 

preventatives, open all the certificates, and 
the votes shall then he counted. The person 
having the greatest numher of votes shall be 
the President, if such numher be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed; 
and if there be more than one who have such 
majority, and have an equal number of votes, 
then the House of Representatives shall im- 
mediately choose, by ballot, one of them for 
President, and if no person have a majority, 
then, from the five highest on the list, the said 
House shall, in like manner, choose the Pre- 
sident. But, in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by states, the representa- 
tion from each state having oiie vote: a quo- 
rum for this purpose shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the states, and 
a majority of all the states shall be necessary 
to a choice. In every case, after the choice of 
the President, the person having the greatest 
number of votes of the electors shall be the 
Vice President. But if there should remain 
two or more who have equal votes, the Senate 
shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice 
President. 

The Congress may determine the time of ^ t electors 
choosing the electors, and the day on which 
they shall give their~ votes; which day shall 
be the same throughout the United States. 

No person, except a natural born citizen, Qualifications of 
or a citizen of the United States at the time uStetsteti^ 
of the adoption of this constitution, shall be 
eligible to the office of President; neither shall 
any person be eligible to that office who shall 
not have attained to the age of thirty-five 
years, and been fourteen years a resident with- 
in the United States. 



14 CONSTITUTION. 

Removal of Pre- i n Case f the removal of the President 
States in"case. from office, or of his death, resignation, or 
• inability to discharge the powers and duties 
of the said office, the same shall devolve on 
the Vice President, and the Congress may, by 
law, provide for the case of removal, death, re- 
signation, or inability, both of the President 
and Vice President, declaring what officer 
shall then act as President, and such officer 
shall act accordingly, until the disability be 
removed, or a President shall be elected. 
President Unit- The President shall, at stated times, re- 

peiwationl C ° m " ceive for llis services a compensation, which 
shall neither be increased or diminished dur- 
ing the period for which he shall have been 
elected; and he shall not receive within that 
period any other emolument from the United 
States, or any of them. 

Before he enter on the execution of his of- 
fice, he shall take the following oath or affir- 
mation. 

Oath. <* I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I 

will faithfully execute the office of President 
of the United States, and will, to the best of 
my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the 
constitution of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

President Unit- The President shall be commander in chief 
!l Stales ' pow " of the army and navy of the United States, 
and of the militia of the several states, when 
called into the actual service of the United 
States; he may require the opinion, in writ- 
ing, of the principal officer in each of the ex- 
ecutive departments, upon any subject relat- 
ing to the duties of their respective offices; 
and he shall have power to grant reprieves 



ers, 



CONSTITUTION. 15 

and pardons for offences against the United 
States, except in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the ad- Make treafcfe* 
rice and consent of the Senate, to make trea- 
ties, provided two-thirds of the senators pre- 
sent concur: and he shall nominate, and, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint ambassadors, other public min- 
isters, and consuls, judges of the supreme 
court, and all other officers of the United A PP° int officcr *- 
States whose appointments are not herein oth- 
erwise provided for, and which shall be estab- 
lished by law. But the Congress may, by 
law, vest the appointment of such inferior of- 
ficers as they think proper, in the President 
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of 
departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up Vacancies in 6& 
all vacancies that may happen during the re- fice * 
cess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
which shall expire at the end of their next 
Session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall, from time to time, give to the President Unit- 
Congress information of the state of the Union, edStates ' d!lties - 
and recommend to their consideration such 
measures as he shall judge necessary and ex- 
pedient; be may, on extraordinary occasions, 
convene both Houses, or either of them, and, 
in case of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
proper,* he shall receive ambassadors and 
other public ministers; he shall take care that 
the laws be faithfully executed; and shall 
commission all the officers of the United 
States. 



16 



CONSTITUTION. 



SECTION IV. 

Officers remova- The President, Vice President, and all ci- 

ble^ yira peach- yil officers of the United g^^ ghalJ be ^ 

moved from office on impeachment for, and 
conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 



SECTION I. 



Judicial powers 
and tenure of 
judges. 



Judicial power 
extension. 



The judicial power of the United States 
shall be vested in one supreme court, and in 
such inferior courts as the Congress may, 
from time to time, ordain and establish. The 
judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, 
shall hold their offices during good behavior, 
and shall, at stated times, receive for their 
services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

The judicial power shall extend to all ca- 
ses in law and equity arising under this con- 
stitution, the laws of the United States, and 
the treaties made, or which shall be made, . 
under their authority; to all cases affecting 
ambassadors, other public ministers, and con- 
suls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime 
jurisdiction; to controversies to which the 
United States shall be a party; to controver- 
sies between two or more states, between a 
state and citizens of another state, between 
citizens of different states, between citizens of 
the same state claiming lands under grants of 
different states, and between a state or the 
citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, 
or subjects. 



CONSTITUTION. If 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other ? u P 1 ?. m ? court 
public ministers, and consuls, and those in juns 1C 
which a state shall be a party, the supreme 
court shall have original jurisdiction. In all 
the other cases beforementioned, the supreme 
court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both 
as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and 
under such regulations, as the Congress shall 
make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Trials by jury. 
impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial 
shall be held in the state where the said 
crimes shall have been committed; but when 
not committed within any state, the trial shall 
be at such place or places as the Congress 
may by law have directed. 

SECTION III. 

Treason against the United States shall Tr-eason. 
consist only in levying war against them, or 
in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted 
of treason unless on the testimony of two 
witnesses to the same overt act, or on con- 
fession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare Attainder 
the punishment of treason, but no attainder of 
treason shall work corruption of blood, or for- 
feiture, except during the life of the person at« 
tainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each Acts of states 
state to the public acts, records, and judicial accredlted - 
proceedings of every other state. And the 
Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the 



n 



CONSTITUTION. 



Citizens' privi- 
leges. 



maimer in which such acts, records, ami pro- 
ceedings, shall be proved, and the effect there- 
of. 

SECTION II. 

The citizens of each state shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in 
the several states. 
Persons charged A person charged in any state with trea- 
with crimes flee- son, felony, or other crime, who shall flee 
from justice, and be found in another state, 
shall, on demand of the executive authority of 
the state from which he fled, be delivered 
up to be removed to the state having jurisdic- 
tion of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one 
state, under the laws thereof, escaping into 
another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such 
service or labor, but shall be delivered up on 
claim of the party to whom such service or 
labor may be due. 

SECTION III. 

New states may be admitted by the Con- 
gress into this Union; but no new state shall 
be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of 
any other state; nor any state be formed by 
the junction of two or more states, or parts 
of states, without the consent of the legisla- 
ture of the states concerned as well as of the 
Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose 
of, and make all needful rules and regulations, 
respecting the territory or other property be- 
longing to the United States; and nothing in 
this constitution shall be so construed as to 



Nev states ad- 
mhted. 



Territory of 
Tinted State*. 



CONSTITUTION 19 

prejudice any claims of the United States, or 
of any particular state. 

SECTION IT. 

The United States shall guaranty to every ^ ubIicau 
state in this Union a republican form of go- . l 
vernmenfc, and shall protect each of them 
against invasion; and, on application of the 
legislature, or of the executive, (when the le- 
gislature cannot be convened,) against domes- 
tic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Amendments, 

TT ,. ?, , ., i li now attained. 

Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose 
amendments to this constitution, or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of 
the several states, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, 
shall be valid to ail intents and purposes, as 
part of this constitution, when ratified by the 
legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
states, or by conventions in three-fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- 
cation may be proposed by the Congress: pro- 
vided, that no amendment which may be made 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
and eight shall in any manner affect the first 
and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the 
first article; and that no state without its con- 
sent shall oe deprived of its equal suffrage in 
the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All debts contracted, and engagements en- Debts v rhv l ® 
tered into, before the adoption of this constitu- tutton. " 
tion, shall be as valid against the United 
States under this- constitution, as under the 
confederation. 



'SO CONSTITUTION. 

Sd aticS laW #f This constitution, and the laws of the Uni- 
ted States which shall be made in pursuance 
thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall 
he made, under the authority of the United 
States, shall be the supreme law of the land: 
and the judges in every state shall be bound 
thereby; any thing in the constitution or 
laws of any state to the contrary notwith- 
standing. 

rttntem^bSl" The Senators and Representatives before 
mentioned, and the members of the several 
state legislatures, and all executive and ju- 
dicial officers, both of the United States and 
of the several states, shall be bound by oath 
or affirmation to support this constitution: 
but no religious test shall ever be required as a 
qualification to any office or public trust un- 
der the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

tfjmfication. The ratification of the conventions of nine 

states shall be sufficient for the establishment 
of tliis constitution between the states so rati- 
fying the same. 

Done in convention, by the unanimous con- 
sent of the states present, the seventeenth 
day of September, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
seven, and of the independence of the United 
States of America the twelfth. In witness 
whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our 
names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTGN, 

President, and deputy From Virgin ;* 



CONSTITUTION. 



%\ 



JVeto Hampshire. 
John Langdon, 
Nicholas Gilmau. 

^Massachusetts. 
Nathaniel Gorham, 
Rufus King. 

Connecticut. 
William Samuel Johnson, 
Roger Sherman. 

JVew York. 
Alexander Hamilton. 

JVew Jersey. 
William Livingston, 
David Breailey, 
William Patterson, 
Jonathan Dayton. 

Pennsylvania, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
Thomas Mifflin, 
Robert Morris, 
George Clyraer, 
Thomas Fitzsimons, 
Jared Ingersoil, 
James Wilson, 
Gouverneur Morris. 



Attest, 



Delaware. 
George Reed, 
Gunning Bedford, jun", 
John Dickinson, 
Richard Bassett, 
Jacob Broom. 

Maryland. 
James M* Henry, 
Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, 
Daniel Carroll. 

Virginia. 
John Blair, 
James Madison, jr. 

JS'orth Carolina. 
William Blount, 
Richard Dobbs Spaight, 
Hugh Williamson. 

South Carolina, 
John Rutledge, 
Charles C. Pinckney, 
Charles Pinckney, 
Pierce Butler. 

Georgia. 
William Few, 
Abraham Baklwit 



WILLIAM JACKSON, Sectary 



IN CONVENTION. 

Mosdat, September 17th, 1787. 

Resolved, That the preceding constitution 
be laid before the United States in Congress 
assembled, and that it is the opinion of this 
convention, that it should afterwards be sub- 
mitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in 
each state by the people thereof, under the 
recommendation of its legislature, for their 
assent and ratification; and that each conven- 
tion assenting to, and ratifying the same, 
should give notice thereof to the United States 
in Congress assembled. 

Resolved, That it is the opinion of this con- 
vention, that, as soon as the conventions of 
nine states shall have ratified this constitution^ 
the United States in Congress assembled, 
s.kmilcl fix a day on which electors should H 



CONSTITUTION. 

appointed by the states, which shall have rati- 
fied the same, and a day on which electors 
should assemble to vote for the President, and 
the time and place for commencing proceed- 
ings, under this constitution. That, after such 
publication, the electors should be appointed, 
and the Senators and Representatives elected. 
That the electors should meet on the day fix- 
ed for the election of the President, and should 
transmit their votes, certified, signed, sealed, 
and directed, as the constitution requires, to 
the Secretary of the United States, in Con- 
gress assembled; that the Senators and Re- 
presentatives should convene at the time and 
place assigned; that the Senators should ap- 
point a President of the Senate, for the sole 
purpose of receiving, opening, and counting 
the votes for President; and that, after lie 
shall be chosen, the Congress, together with 
the President, should, without delay, proceed 
to execute this constitution. 

By the unanimous order of the convention, 
GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. 
William Jackson, Secretary. 



IN CONVENTION, 

September irth, 1787. 

Sir: Wc have now the honor to submit to 
the consideration of the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, that constitution which lias 
appeared to us the most advisable. 

The friends of our country have long seen 
and desired that the power of making war, 
peace, and treaties; that of levying money, 
and regulating commerce, and the correspoti- 



CONSTITUTION. 

dent executive and judicial authorities, should 
be fully and effectually vested in the general 
government of the Union; but the impropriety 
of delegating such extensive trust to one body 
of men is evident — hence results the necessity 
of a different organization. 

It is obviously impracticable in the federal 
government of these states, to secure all rights 
of independent sovereignty to each, and yet 
provide for the interest and safety of all. In- 
dividuals entering into society must give up 
a share ,of liberty to preserve the rest. The 
magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well 
on situation and circum stance, as on the ob- 
ject to be obtained. It is at all times difficult 
to draw with precision the line between those 
rights which must be surrendered, and those 
which may be reserved; and, on the present 
occasion, this difficulty was increased by a 
difference among the several states as to their 
situation, extent, habits, and particular inter* 
ests* 

In all our deliberations on this subject, we 
kept steadily in our view that which appears 
to us the'grcatest interest of every true Ameri- 
can, the consolidation of our Union, in which 
is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety — 
perhaps our national existence. This impor- 
tant consideration, seriously and deeply im- 
pressed on our minds, led each state in the 
convention to be less rigid on points of inferior 
magnitude, than might have been otherwise 
expected; and thus, the constitution which we 
now present, is the result of a spirit of amity, 
and of that mutual deference and concession, 
which the peculiarity of our political situation 
rendered indispensable. 



iJONSTITlTlOX. 

That it will meet the full and entire appro- 
bation of every state, is not perhaps to be ex- 
pected,- but each will doubtless consider, that 
liad her interest alone been consulted, the con- 
sequences might have been particularly disa- 
greeable or injurious to others; that it is liable 
to as few exceptions as could reasonably have 
been expected, we hope and believe; that it 
may promote the lasting welfare of that coun- 
try so dear to us all, and secure her freedom 
and happiness, is our most ardent wish. With 
great respect, we have the honor to be, sir, 
your excellency's most obedient and humble 
servants. 

By the unanimous order of the convention. 
GEO. WASHINGTON, President 

Wis Excellency the President of Congress. 



THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

Friday, September 28th, 1787. 

Present} — New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
sylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina, and Georgia; and 
from Maryland, Mr. Ross. 

Congress having received the report of the 
convention lately assembled in Philadelphia, 

Resolved, unanimously, that the said report 
with the resolutions and letter accompanying 
the same, be transmitted to the several legis- 
latures, in older to submit to a convention of 
delegates, chosen in each state by the people 
thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the 
convention, made and provided in that case. 
Charles Thompson, Secretary. 



CONSTITUTION, £5 

AMENDMENTS. 

Article the First, 

Congress shall make no law respecting an 
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the 
free exercise thereof; or abridging the free- 
dom of speech, or of the press; or the right of 
the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
petition the government for a redress of griev- 
ances. 

Article the Second. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to 
the security of a free state, the right of the 
people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- 
fringed. 

Article the Third. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- 
tered in any house without the consent of the 
owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner 
to be prescribed by law. 

Article the Fourth. 

"The right of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against 
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not 
be violated; and no warrants shall issue, but 
upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the 
place to be searched, and the persons or things 
to be seized. 

Article the Fifth. 

No person shall be held to answer for. a 
capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless 
on a presentment or indictment of a grand 
jury, except in cases arising in the land or 
naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 



26 CONSTITUTION. 

service, in time of war or public danger; nor 
shall any person be subject, for the same of- 
fence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or 
limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal 
case to be a witness against himself, nor 
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private 
property be taken for public use without just 
compensation. 

[Article the Sixth. 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused 
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public 
trial, by an impartial jury of the state and 
district wherein the crime shall have been 
committed, which district shall have been 
previously ascertained by law, and to be in- 
formed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
tion; to be confronted with the witnesses 
against him; to have compulsory process for 
obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have 
the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

Article the Seventh. 

In suits at common law, where the value in 
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the 
right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and 
no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re- 
examined in any court of the United States, 
than according to the rules of the common law. 

Article the Eighth. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual 
punishments inflicted. 

Article the Ninth. 

The enumeration in the constitution of cer- 
tain rights shall not be construed to deny or 
disparage others retained by the people. 



CONSTITUTION. 27 

Article the Tenth, 

The powers not delegated to .the United 
States by the constitution, nor prohibited by 
it to the states, are reserved to the states re- 
spectively, or to the people. 

Article the Eleventh, 

The judicial power of the United States 
shall not be construed to extend to any suit in 
law or equity, commenced or prosecuted 
against one of the United States by citizens 
of another state, or by citizens or subjects of 
any foreign state. 

Article the Twelfth. 

The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for President and 
Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall 
not be an inhabitant of the same state with 
themselves; they shall name in their ballots 
the person voted for as President, and in dis- 
tinct ballots the person voted for as Vice Pre- 
sident; and they shall make distinct lists of 
all persons voted for as President; and of all 
persons voted for as Vice President, and of 
the number of votes for each; which lists they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to 
the seat of the government of the United 
States directed to the President of the Senate: 
the President of the Senate shall, in presence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall 
then be counted: the person having the great- 
est number of votes for President, shall be the 
President, if such number be a majority of 
the whole number of electors appointed; and 
if no person have such majority, then, from 
the persons having the highest numbers, not 






28 CONSTITUTION. 

exceeding three, on the list of those voted tol- 
as President, the House of Representatives 
shall choose, immediately, by ballot, the Pre- 
sident. But, in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by states, the representa- 
tion from each state having one vote; a quo- 
rum for this purpose shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the states, and a 
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if the House of Representatives 
shall not choose a President whenever the right 
of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the 
Vice President shall act as President; as in 
the case of the death or other constitutional 
disability of the President. 

The person having the greatest number of 
votes as Vice President, shall be the Vice 
President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if no 
person have a majority, then, from the two 
highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall 
choose the Vice President: a quorum for the 
purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the 
whole number of Senators, and a majority of 
the whole number shall be necessary to a * 
choice. 

But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of President, shall be eligible to that 
of Vice President of the United States. 



-[1—5.] &9 



RULES FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS IN THE 
SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



IN SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, 

December 27, 1819. 

Mr. Burr ill, from the committee appointed to arrange 
and report the rules for conducting business in the Senate; 
and, also, such amendments to those rules as they may 
think proper to be adopted, Report the following as the 
rules of the Senate, amended, and arranged in the order 
which appear to the committee most proper and cqjiven- 
ient: they also report the joint rules and orders as hereto- 
fore practised on by the two houses of Congress. 

1. The President having taken the chair, and a quorum 
being present* the journal of the preceding day shall be 
read, to the end that any mistake may be corrected that 
shall be made in the entries. 

2. No member shall speak to another, or otherwise in- 
terrupt the business of the Senate, or read any newspa- 
per, while the journals or public papers are reading, or 
when any member is speaking in any debate. 

3. Every member when he speaks shall address the 
chair, standing in his place, and when he has finished shall 
sit down. 

4. No member shall speak more than twice, in any one 
debate, on the same day, without leave of the Senate. 

5. When two members rise at the same time, the Pre- 
sident shall name the person to speak; but in all cases the 
member first rising shall speak first. 

3* 



30 RULES.— [6-— 12.] 

6. When a member shall be called to order, he shall sit 
down until the President shall have determined whether 
he is in order or not; and every question of order shall be 
decided by the President without debate; but, if there be a 
doubt in his mind, he may call for the sense of the Senate. 

7. If the member be called to order for words spoken, 
the exceptionable words shall immediately be taken down 
in writing, that the President may be better enabled to 
judge of the matter. 

8. No member shall absent himself from the service of 
the Senate, without leave of the Senate first obtained. And 
in case a less number than a quorum of the Senate shall 
convene, they are hereby authorized to send the sergeant- 
at-arms, or any other person or persons by them author- 
ized, for any or all absent members, as the majority of 
such members present shall agree, at the expense of such 
absent members respectively, unless such excuse for non- 
attenfance shall be made, as the Senate, when a quorum 
is convened, shall judge sufficient; and in that case the ex- 
pense shall be paid out of the contingent fund. And this 
rule shall apply as well to the first convention of the Se- 
nate at the legal time of meeting, as to each day of the ses- 
sion, after the hour has arrived to which the Senate stood 
adjourned. 

9. No motion shall be debated until the same shall be 
seconded. 

10. When amotion shall be made and seconded, it shall 
be reduced to writing, if desired by the President, or any 
member, delivered in at the table, and read, before the same 
shall be debated. 

11. When a question is under debate, no motion shall be 
received but to adjourn, to lie on the table, to postpone indefi- 
nitely, to postpone to a day certain, to commit, or to amend; 
which several motions shall have precedence in the order they 
stand arranged, and the motion for adjournment shall al- 
ways be in order, and be decided without debate, 

12. If the question in debate contains several points, 
any member may have the same divided. 



HUtUS — [IS— -19.] SI 

13. Infilling up blanks, the largest sum and longest time 
shall be first put. 

14. When the reading of a paper is called for, and the 
same is objected to bij any member, it shall be determined by 
a vote of the Senate, and without debate. 

15. The unfinished business in which the Senate was en- 
gaged at the last preceding adjournment, shall have the pre- 
ference in the orders of the day, and no motion on any other 
business shall be received, without special leave of the Senate^ 
until the former is disposed of. 

16. When the yeas and nays shall be called for by one- 
fifth of the members present, each member called upon 
shall, unless for special reason he be excused by the Se- 
nate, declare openly, and without debate, his assent or 
dissent to the question. In taking the yeas and nays, and 
upon the call of the House, the names of the members shall 
be taken alphabetically. 

1 7. On a motion made and seconded to shut the doors 
of the Senate, on the discussion of any business which may, 
in the opinion of a member, require secrecy, the President 
shall direct the gallery to be cleared; and, during the 
discussion of such motion, the doors shall remain shut. 

3 8. JNo motion shall be deemed in order to admit any 
person or persons, whatsoever, within the doors of the 
Senate chamber, to present any petition, memorial, or ad- 
dress, or to hear any such read. 

19. When a question has been once made and carried in 
the affirmative or negative, it shall be in order for any 
member of the majority to move for the reconsideration 
thereof; but no motion for the reconsideration of any vote 
shall be in order after a bill, resolution, message, report, 
amendment, or motion upon which the vote was taken, 
shall have gone out of the possession of the Senate, an- 
nouncing their decision; nor shall any motion for recon- 
sideration be in order, unless made on the same day on 
which the vote was taken, or within the two next days of 
actual session of the Senate thereafter. 



33 KU1ES.— [20 — 27.] 

20. "When the Senate are equally divided, the Secretary 
shall take the decision of the President. 

21. All questions shall be put by the President of the 
Senate, either in the presence or absence of the President 
of the United States, and the Senators shall signify their 
assent or dissent, by answering, viva voce, aye or no. 

22. The Vice President, or President of the Senate pro 
tempore, shall have the right to name a member to per- 
form the duties of the chair; but such substitution shall not 
extend beyond an adjournment. 

23. Before any petition or memorial, addressed to the 
Senate, shall be received and read at the table, whether 
the same shall be introduced by the President or a mem- 
ber, a brief statement of the contents of the petition or me- 
morial shall verbally be made by the introducer. 

24. One day's notice, at least, shall be given of an in- 
tended motion for leave to bring in a bill; and all bills, af- 
ter the first reading, shall be printed for the use of the Se- 
nate. 

25. Every bill shall receive three readings previous to 
its being passed; and the President shall give notice at 
each, whether it be the first, second, or third; which read- 
ings shall be on three different days, unless the Senate 
unanimously direct otherwise. And all resolutions propos- 
ing amendments to the Constitution, or to which the appro- 
bation and signature of the President may be i*equisite, or 
which may grant money out of the contingent, or any other 
fund, shall be treated, in all respects, in the introduction and 
form of proceedings on them, in the Senate, in a similar man- 
ner with bills, 

26. No bill shall be committed or amended until it shall 
have been twice read; after which it may be referred to a 
committee. 

27. All bills on a second reading shall first be consid- 
ered by the Senate in the same manner as if the Senate 
were in committee of the whole* before they shall be taken 
up and proceeded on by the Senate agreeably to the stand- 
ing rules, unless otherwise ordered. And when the Se- 



RULES. — [28 — S0.[ 3S 

nate shall consider a treaty, bill, or resolution, as in com- 
mittee of the whole, the Vice President, or President pro 
tempore, may call a member to fill the chair, during the 
time the Senate shall remain in committee of the whole; 
and the chairman so called shall, during such time, have 
the powers of a President pro tempore. 

28. The final question upon the second reading of every bill, 
resolution, constitutional amendment, or motion, origi- 
nating in the Senate, and requiring three readings pre- 
vious to being passed, shall be, " Whether it shall be en- 
grossed and read a third timer 95 And no amendment 
shall be received for discussion at the third reading of any 
bill, resolution, amendment, or motion, unless by unani- 
mous consent of the members present: but it shall at all 
times be in order before the final passage of any such bill, 
resolution, constitutional amendment, or motion, to move 
its commitment, and should such commitment take place, 
and any amendment be reported by the committee, the said 
bill, resolution, constitutional amendment, or motion, 
shall be again read a second time, and considered as in 
committee of the whole, and then the aforesaid question 
shall be again put. 

29. The titles of bills, and such parts thereof only as 
shall be affected by proposed amendments, shall be insert- 
ed on the journals. 

30. The following standing committees, to consist of 
five members each, shall be appointed at the commence*' 
ment of each session, with leave to report by bill or other- 
wise: 

A Committee on Foreign Relations. 

A Committee on Finance. 

A Committee on Commerce and Manufactures. 

A Committee on Military Affairs. 

A Committee on the Militia. 

A Committee on Naval Affairs. 

A Committee on Public Lands. 

A Committee on Indian Affairs, 

A Committee of Claims* 



34 RULES. — [31 — 33.] 

A Committee on the Judiciary. 

A Committee on the Post-oilice and Post roads. 

A Committee on Pensions. 

A Committee on the District of Columbia. 

A Committee of three members, whose duty it shall he 
to audit and control the contingent expenses of the Se- 
nate. 

And a Committee, consisting of three members, whose 
duty it shall be to examine all bills, amendments, re- 
solutions, or motions, before they go out of possession 
of the Senate, and to make report that they arc cor- 
rectly engrossed; which report shall be entered on the 
journal. 

31. All committees shall be appointed by ballot, and a 
plurality of votes shall make a choice. But when any 
subject or matter shall have been referred to a committee, 
any other subject or matter of a similar nature may, on 
motion, be referred to such committee. 

32. When nominations shall be made in writing by the 
President of the United States to the Senate, a future day 
shall be assigned, unless the Senate unanimously direct 
otherwise, for taking them into consideration. When the 
President of the United States shall meet the Senate in the 
Senate Chamber, the President of the Senate shall have a 
chair on the floor, be considered as the head of the Senate, 
and his chair shall be assigned to the President of the 
United States. When the Senate shall be convened by 
the President of the United States to any other place, the 
President of the Senate and Senators shall attend at the 
place appointed. The Secretary of the Senate shall also 
attend to take the minutes of the Senate. 

33. Whenever a treaty shall be laid before the Senate 
for ratification, it shall be read a first time for information 
only; when no motion to reject, ratify, or modify, the 
whole, or any part, shall be received. Its second reading 
shall be for consideration; and, on a subsequent day, when 
it shall be taken up, as in committee of the whole, and 
every one shall be free to move a question on any parti- 



ruxes. — [34 — 36.] 35 

oular article, in tliis form: "Will the Senate advise and 
consent to the ratification of this article?" or to propose 
amendments thereto, either by inserting or by leaving out 
words; in which last case, the question shall be, " Shall 
these words stand as part of the article V 9 and in every of 
the said cases, the concurrence of two-thirds of the Sena- 
tors present shall be requisite to decide affirmatively. 
And when through the whole, the proceedings shall be stat- 
ed to the House, and questions shall be again severally put 
thereon for confirmation, or new ones proposed, requir- 
ing, in like manner, a concurrence of two-thirds, for what- 
ever is retained or inserted; the votes so confirmed shall, 
by the House, or a committee thereof, be reduced into the 
form of a ratification, with or without modifications, as 
may have been decided, and shall be proposed on a subse- 
quent day, when every one shall again be free to move 
amendments, either by inserting or leaving out words; in 
which last case, the question shall be, " Shall these words 
stand part of the resolution V 9 And in both cases, the 
concurrence of two-thirds shall be requisite to carry the 
affirmative, as well as, on the final question, to advise and 
consent to the ratification in the form agreed to. 

34. When an amendment to be proposed to the Consti- 
tution is under consideration, the concurrence of two- 
thirds of the members present shall not be requisite to de- 
cide any question for amendments, or extending to the me- 
rits, being short of the final question. 

35. When any question may have been decided by the 
Senate, in which two-thirds of the members present are 
necessary to carry the affirmative, any member who votes 
on that side which prevailed in the question, may be at 
liberty to move for a reconsideration; and a motion for re- 
consideration shall be decided by a majority of votes. 

36. All confidential communications, made by the Pre- 
sident of the United States, to the Senate, shall be by the 
members thereof kept secret; and all treaties which may 
be laid before the Senate shall also be kept secret, until 



36 kuies. — [37 — 45.] 

the Senate shall, by their resolution, take off the injunc- 
tion of secrecy. 

27. Ml information or remarks, touching or concerning 
the character or qualifications of any person nominated by 
the President to office, shall be kept secret. 

38. When acting on confidential or executive business, the 
Senate shall be cleared of all persons, except the Secretary, 
the Sergeant-at-Jirms, and Boor-Keeper or, in his absence, the 
assistant door-keeper, 

39. Extracts from the Executive record are not to be 
furnished but by special order. 

40. Every vote of the Senate shall be entered on the 
Journal, and a brief statement of the contents of each pe- 
tition, memorial, or paper, presented to the Senate, be al- 
so inserted on the Journal. 

41. No paper or document shall be printed for the use 
of the Senate, without special order, except reports of com- 
mittees of the Senate, messages from the President of the 
United States, and communications from the heads of depart- 
ments. 

42. The proceedings of the Senate, when they shall act 
in their Executive capacity, shall be kept in separate and 
distinct books. 

43. The proceedings of the Senate, when not acting as 
in a committee of the whole, shall be entered on the jour- 
nal as concisely as possible, care being taken to detail a 
true and accurate account of the proceedings. 

44. Messages shall be sent to the House of Represen- 
tatives by the Secretary, who shall previously indorse the 
final determination of the Senate thereon. 

45. Messengers are introduced in any state of business, 
except while a question is putting, while the yeas and 
nays are calling, or while the ballots are counting. 



RULES.— [1—7.] $T 



JOINT RULES AND ORDERS OF THE TWO HOUSES. 



1. In every case of an amendment of a bill agreed to in 
one House, and dissented to in the other, if either House 
shall request a conference and appoint a Committee for 
that purpose, and the other House shall also appoint a Com- 
mittee to confer, such Committees shall, at a convenient 
hour, to be agreed on by their Chairman, meet in the con- 
ference chamber, and state to each other verbally, or in 
writing, as either shall choose, the reasons of their respec- 
tive Houses for and against the amendment, and confer 
freely thereon. 

2. When a message shall be sent from the Senate to the 
House of Representatives, it shall be announced at the 
door of the House by the door-keeper, and shall be re- 
spectfully communicated to the chair, by the person by 
whom it may be sent. 

3. The same ceremony shall be observed when a mes- 
sage shall be sent from the House of Representatives to the 
Senate. 

4. Messages shall be sent by such persons, as a sense of 
propriety in each House may determine to be proper. 

5. While bills are on their passage between the two 
Houses, they shall be on paper, and under the signature 
of the Secretary or Clerk of each House, respectively. 

6. After a bill shall have passed both Houses, it shall be 
duly enrolled on parchment, by the Secretary of the Senate, 
or Clerk of the House of Representatives, as the bill may 
have originated in the one or the other House, before it 
shall be presented to the President of the United States. 

7. When bills are enrolled, they shall be examined by a 
joint Committee of one from the Senate, and two from the 

4 



38 huxes. — [8 — 13.] 

House of Representatives, appointed as a standing Com- 
mittee for that purpose, who shall carefully compare the 
enrolment with the engrossed bills, as passed in the two 
Houses, and, correcting any errors that may be discover- 
ed in the enrolled bills, make their report forthwith to the 
respective Houses. 

8. After examination and report, each bill shall be sign- 
ed in the respective Houses, first by the Speaker of the 
House of Representatives, then by the President of the 
Senate. 

9. After a bill shall have been thus signed in each 
House, it shall be presented by the said Committee to the 
President of the United States, for his approbation, it be- 
ing first endorsed on the back of the roll, certifying in 
which House the same originated,* which endorsement shall 
be signed by the Secretary or Clerk (as the case may be) 
of the House in which the same did originate, and shall be 
entered on the journal of each House. The said Commit- 
tee shall report the day of presentation to the President, 
which time shall also be carefully entered on the journal of 
each House. 

10. All orders, resolutions, and votes, which are to be 
presented to the President of the United States for his ap- 
probation, shall, also, in the same manner, be previously 
enrolled, examined, and signed, and shall be presented in 
the same manner, and by the same Committee, as provided 
in cases of bills. 

11. When the Senate and House of Representatives shall 
judge it proper to make a joint address to the President, it 
shall be presented to him in his audience chamber, by the 
President of the Senate, in the presence of the Speaker and 
both Houses. 

12. When a bill or resolution, which shall have passed 
in one House, is rejected in the other, notice thereof is giv- 
c.i to the House in which the same may have passed. 

13. When a bill or resolution, which has been passed 



RULES.— [14, 15.] 39 

in one House, is rejected in the otter, it is not brought in 
during the same session, without a notice often days, and 
leave of two-thirds of that House in which it shall be re- 
newed. 

14. Each House transmits to the other all papers on 
which any hill or resolution shall he founded. 

15. After each House shall have adhered to their disa- 
greement, a bill or resolution is lost. 



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